Valorization of Potential Post-Consumer Polyethylene (PE) Plastics Waste and Ethiopian Indigenous Highland Bamboo (EHB) for Wood Plastic Composite (WPC): Experimental Evaluation and Characterization

Abstract

The best approaches to minimizing resource scarcity, removing valuable waste streams, and re-establishing a circular economic chain of recycled thermoplastics are to cascade them into product life cycles and their valorization combined with sustainable raw materials. As one part of this goal, WPC was formulated from three recycled PE plastic wastes: linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and underutilized EHB. The chemical composition of EHD, chemical structure, crystallinity, melting and crystallization points, residual metal additives, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of recycled PE were investigated using standard chromatographic and spectroscopic methods such as HPAEC-UV/VIS, FTIR, DSC, GC/MSD, and XPS. The properties of WPC formulations from different compositions of bamboo particles (BP) as dispersed phase, individual recycled PE plastics, and equal melt blend (EM) as polymer matrix were investigated extensively and measured with a known standard. These comprised tensile strength (TS), modulus of elasticity (TM), flexural strength (FS), modulus of rupture (FM), and unnotched impact strength (UIS). It also included the effect of various alkaline surface treatment ranges on the interface surface interaction. The results show improved mechanical properties for all blending ratios of surface-treated BP, which resulted from better encapsulation in the polymer matrix. Despite its inherent immiscibility, WPC formulation from equal melt blending revealed unusual properties compared to separate phase blends, which is attributed to thermally induced cross-linking. This implies that melt blending of the weakest and cheapest recycled LLDPE with relatively cheap recycled MDPE and HDPE improves the properties of the blend, particularly toughness, while simultaneously retaining some of their properties.