Illustration of Convective Boundary Conditions on the Darcy–Forchheimer Flow of Nanofluid with the Impact of Chemical Reaction

Abstract

The application of convective heat transport holds great significance in physiological studies, particularly in preventing the overheating of birds and mammals living in warm climates. This process involves the transfer of heated blood from the body’s core to the nearest blood vessels, effectively dissipating the excess heat into the environment. As a result, analyzing convective boundary conditions becomes crucial for understanding heat and solutal profiles in the flow of a two-phase nanofluid model (Darcy–Forchheimer), which also takes into account heat sources and chemical reactions. This model encompasses the combined effects of Brownian and thermophoresis phenomena on flow behavior. The development of a three-dimensional model leads to a set of nonlinear ODEs, which can be tackled using appropriate similarity variables and traditional numerical techniques, i.e., the Runge–Kutta fourth-order combined with shooting technique is adopted to obtain the solutions. To ensure the model’s accuracy, physical parameters are carefully chosen within their appropriate ranges to reflect real-world behavior. This approach helps to capture the physical essence of the system under study. It is observed that the streamlines for the proposed stream function shows the flow pattern of the fluid particles within the domain for the variation of the kinematic viscosity and stream values, and enhanced Brownian motion controls the fluid concentration.