Myocardial Involvement Detected Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Study

Abstract

Introduction and objectives: Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients affects mortality. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is capable of detecting structural changes, including diffuse myocardial fibrosis that may develop over time. Our aim was to evaluate myocardial structure and function changes using CMR in patients with SSc without known cardiac disease during a 5-year follow-up and find possible correlations with selected biomarkers. Methods: A total of 25 patients underwent baseline and follow-up CMR examinations according to a pre-specified protocol. Standard biochemistry, five biomarkers (hsTnI, NT-proBNP, galectin-3, sST2, and GDF-15), and disease-specific functional parameters enabling the classification of disease severity were also measured. Results: After five years, no patient suffered from manifest heart disease. Mean extracellular volume (ECV) and T1 mapping values did not change significantly (p ≥ 0.073). However, individual increases in native T1 time and ECV correlated with increased galectin-3 serum levels (r = 0.56; p = 0.0050, and r = 0.71; p = 0.0001, respectively). The progression of skin involvement assessed using the Rodnan skin score and a decrease in the diffusing capacity of the lungs were associated with increased GDF-15 values (r = 0.63; p = 0.0009, and r = −0.51; p = 0.011, respectively). Conclusions: During the 5-year follow-up, there was no new onset of heart disease observed in patients with SSc. However, in some patients, CMR detected progression of sub-clinical myocardial fibrosis that significantly correlated with elevated galectin-3 levels. GDF-15 values were found to be associated with disease severity progression.