The Development of a 3D Printer-Inspired, Microgravity-Compatible Sample Preparation Device for Future Use Inside the International Space Station

Abstract

Biological testing on the International Space Station (ISS) is necessary in order to monitor the microbial burden and identify risks to crew health. With support from a NASA Phase I Small Business Innovative Research contract, we have developed a compact prototype of a microgravity-compatible, automated versatile sample preparation platform (VSPP). The VSPP was built by modifying entry-level 3D printers that cost USD 200–USD 800. In addition, 3D printing was also used to prototype microgravity-compatible reagent wells and cartridges. The VSPP’s primary function would enable NASA to rapidly identify microorganisms that could affect crew safety. It has the potential to process samples from various sample matrices (swab, potable water, blood, urine, etc.), thus yielding high-quality nucleic acids for downstream molecular detection and identification in a closed-cartridge system. When fully developed and validated in microgravity environments, this highly automated system will allow labor-intensive and time-consuming processes to be carried out via a turnkey, closed system using prefilled cartridges and magnetic particle-based chemistries. This manuscript demonstrates that the VSPP can extract high-quality nucleic acids from urine (Zika viral RNA) and whole blood (human RNase P gene) in a ground-level laboratory setting using nucleic acid-binding magnetic particles. The viral RNA detection data showed that the VSPP can process contrived urine samples at clinically relevant levels (as low as 50 PFU/extraction). The extraction of human DNA from eight replicate samples showed that the DNA extraction yield is highly consistent (there was a standard deviation of 0.4 threshold cycle when the extracted and purified DNA was tested via real-time polymerase chain reaction). Additionally, the VSPP underwent 2.1 s drop tower microgravity tests to determine if its components are compatible for use in microgravity. Our findings will aid future research in adapting extraction well geometry for 1 g and low g working environments operated by the VSPP. Future microgravity testing of the VSPP in the parabolic flights and in the ISS is planned.