Development and Characterization of Sustainable Composites from Bacterial Polyester Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and Almond Shell Flour by Reactive Extrusion with Oligomers of Lactic Acid

Abstract

Eco-efficient Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) have been obtained using poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hexanoate) (PHBH) as the polymer matrix, and almond shell flour (ASF), a by-product from the agro-food industry, as filler/reinforcement. These WPCs were prepared with different amounts of lignocellulosic fillers (wt %), namely 10, 20 and 30. The mechanical characterization of these WPCs showed an important increase in their stiffness with increasing the wt % ASF content. In addition, lower tensile strength and impact strength were obtained. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) study revealed the lack of continuity and poor adhesion among the PHBH-ASF interface. Even with the only addition of 10 wt % ASF, these green composites become highly brittle. Nevertheless, for real applications, the WPC with 30 wt % ASF is the most attracting material since it contributes to lowering the overall cost of the WPC and can be manufactured by injection moulding, but its properties are really compromised due to the lack of compatibility between the hydrophobic PHBH matrix and the hydrophilic lignocellulosic filler. To minimize this phenomenon, 10 and 20 phr (weight parts of OLA-Oligomeric Lactic Acid per one hundred weight parts of PHBH) were added to PHBH/ASF (30 wt % ASF) composites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) suggested poor plasticization effect of OLA on PHBH-ASF composites. Nevertheless, the most important property OLA can provide to PHBH/ASF composites is somewhat compatibilization since some mechanical ductile properties are improved with OLA addition. The study by thermomechanical analysis (TMA), confirmed the increase of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) with increasing OLA content. The dynamic mechanical characterization (DTMA), revealed higher storage modulus, E’, with increasing ASF. Moreover, DTMA results confirmed poor plasticization of OLA on PHBH-ASF (30 wt % ASF) composites, but interesting compatibilization effects.