Analysis of the Continuous Feeding of Catalyst Particles during the Growth of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes by Aerosol-Assisted CCVD

Abstract

Aerosol-assisted catalytic chemical vapor deposition (AACCVD) is a powerful one-step process to produce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs), characterized by the continuous supply of the catalyst precursor (metallocene). The behavior of catalyst species all along the synthesis is essential for the continuous growth of VACNTs. It is there investigated through detailed observations and elemental analyses at scales of VACNT carpets and of individual CNTs. Our approach is based on two complementary experiments: quenching of the sample cooling, and sequential injection of two distinct metallocenes. Metal-based nanoparticles nucleated in the gas-phase during the whole synthesis duration are shown to diffuse in between the growing VACNTs from the top of the CNT carpet towards the substrate. They are much smaller than the catalyst particles formed on the substrate in the initial steps of the process and evidences are given that they continuously feed these catalyst particles at the VACNT roots. Particularly, the electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses of metal-based segments found into a single CNT show that the second injected metal is very gradually incorporated in the particle initially formed from the metal firstly injected. The feeding of the catalyst particles by the nanoparticles continuously nucleated in the gas-phase is therefore an essential feature of the base-growth of CNTs by AACCVD.