Affiliation:
1. Division of Endocrinology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is rising globally; currently, 537 million people worldwide and 37.3 million people in the US are affected. Patients with diabetes have a four-times-greater risk of hospitalization with longer hospital stays and a greater chance of readmission compared to patients without diabetes. Spending on diabetes care as a proportion of global GDP is also projected to increase from 1.8% in 2015 to 2.2% in 2030. The largest component of this medical expenditure is inpatient care in hospitalized patients, accounting for USD 69.7 billion of the total medical cost. Hospitalized patients can develop hyperglycemia without a history of pre-existing diabetes. It has been shown that hyperglycemia in patients without a history of diabetes is also associated with poor hospital outcome. In this review, we discuss the adverse effects of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia on hospital outcomes; we review recent glycemic targets, recent guidelines’ recommendations, and landmark trials with a brief review on discharge planning, updates on hyperglycemic emergencies, and the use of newer technologies in hospitalized patients such as continuous glucose monitoring devices.
Reference77 articles.
1. International Diabetes Federation (2021, July 01). IDF Atlas 10th Edition. Available online: https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/.
2. (2022, January 01). National Diabetes Statistics Report, Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html.
3. Trends in rates of infections requiring hospitalization among adults with versus without diabetes in the U.S., 2000–2015;Harding;Diabetes Care,2019
4. Multiple hospitalizations for patients with diabetes;Jiang;Diabetes Care,2003
5. Global economic burden of diabetes in adults: Projections from 2015 to 2030;Bommer;Diabetes Care,2018