Ceftazidime/Tobramycin Co-Loaded Chitosan-Coated Zein Nanoparticles against Antibiotic-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract

This study aimed to co-encapsulate ceftazidime and tobramycin in zein nanoparticles coated with chitosan and to characterize and evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Zein nanoparticles, synthesized using the nanoprecipitation method, were characterized by their particle size (Ø), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ζ), pH, and encapsulation efficiency (%EE). The chitosan coating provided stability, and physicochemical analyses revealed chemical interactions, efficient drug encapsulation, and thermal stability. The release kinetics demonstrated controlled release in simulated gastric and intestinal pH. The antibacterial activity, assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), indicated effectiveness against both pathogens. Antibiofilm assays, conducted using the crystal violet method, demonstrated the inhibition and eradication of biofilms. The chitosan-coated zein nanoparticles with CAZ and/or TOB exhibited Ø (315–335 nm), PDI (<0.2), ζ (+40 to +50 mV), pH (5), and %EE (>55%). Notably, the co-encapsulation formulation (CAZ–TOB–ZNP–CH) showed enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activities compared to the individual formulations. These findings suggest that the developed nanoparticles present a promising alternative for treating respiratory and intestinal infections caused by antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-producing P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae.