Artificial Pancreas Control Strategies Used for Type 1 Diabetes Control and Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive survey about the fundamental components of the artificial pancreas (AP) system including insulin administration and delivery, glucose measurement (GM), and control strategies/algorithms used for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment and control. Our main focus is on the T1DM that emerges due to pancreas’s failure to produce sufficient insulin due to the loss of beta cells (β-cells). We discuss various insulin administration and delivery methods including physiological methods, open-loop, and closed-loop schemes. Furthermore, we report several factors such as hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and many other physical factors that need to be considered while infusing insulin in human body via AP systems. We discuss three prominent control algorithms including proportional-integral- derivative (PID), fuzzy logic, and model predictive, which have been clinically evaluated and have all shown promising results. In addition, linear and non-linear insulin infusion control schemes have been formally discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work which systematically covers recent developments in the AP components with a solid foundation for future studies in the T1DM field.