Advances in Rubber Compounds Using ZnO and MgO as Co-Cure Activators

Abstract

Zinc oxide performs as the best cure activator in sulfur-based vulcanization of rubber, but it is regarded as a highly toxic material for aquatic organisms. Hence, the toxic cure activator should be replaced by a non-toxic one. Still, there is no suitable alternative industrially. However, binary activators combining ZnO and another metal oxide such as MgO can largely reduce the level of ZnO with some improved benefits in the vulcanization of rubber as investigated in this research. Curing, mechanical, and thermal characteristics were investigated to find out the suitability of MgO in the vulcanization of rubber. Curing studies reveal that significant reductions in the optimum curing times are found by using MgO as a co-cure activator. Especially, the rate of vulcanization with conventional 5 phr (per hundred grams) ZnO can be enhanced by more than double, going from 0.3 Nm/min to 0.85 Nm/min by the use of a 3:2 ratio of MgO to ZnO cure activator system that should have high industrial importance. Mechanical and thermal properties investigations suggest that MgO as a co-cure activator used at 60% can provide 7.5% higher M100 (modulus at 100% strain) (0.58 MPa from 0.54 MPa), 20% higher tensile strength (23.7 MPa from 19.5 MPa), 15% higher elongation at break (1455% from 1270%), 68% higher fracture toughness (126 MJ/m3 from 75 MJ/m3), and comparable thermal stability than conventionally using 100 % ZnO. Especially, MgO as a co-cure activator could be very useful for improving the fracture toughness in rubber compounds compared to ZnO as a single-site curing activator. The significant improvements in the curing and mechanical properties suggest that MgO and ZnO undergo chemical interactions during vulcanization. Such rubber compounds can be useful in advanced tough and stretchable applications.