FGF9-Associated Multiple Synostoses Syndrome Type 3 in a Multigenerational Family

Abstract

Multiple synostoses syndrome (OMIM: #186500, #610017, #612961, #617898) is a genetically heterogeneous group of autosomal dominant diseases characterized by abnormal bone unions. The joint fusions frequently involve the hands, feet, elbows or vertebrae. Pathogenic variants in FGF9 have been associated with multiple synostoses syndrome type 3 (SYNS3). So far, only five different missense variants in FGF9 that cause SYNS3 have been reported in 18 affected individuals. Unlike other multiple synostoses syndromes, conductive hearing loss has not been reported in SYNS3. In this report, we describe the clinical and selected radiological findings in a large multigenerational family with a novel missense variant in FGF9: c.430T>C, p.(Trp144Arg). We extend the phenotypic spectrum of SYNS3 by suggesting that cleft palate and conductive hearing loss are part of the syndrome and highlight the high degree of intrafamilial phenotypic variability. These findings should be considered when counseling affected individuals.