Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal Stable Genetic Continuity of the Holocene Serows

Author:

Song Shiwen12,Xiao Bo23,Hu Jiaming23,Lin Haifeng12,Du Zhicheng12,Xiang Kunpeng4,Pan Dong5,Hou Xindong12,Yuan Junxia26,Lai Xulong23,Sheng Guilian12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China

2. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China

3. School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

4. Guizhou Institute of Geological Survey, Guiyang 550081, China

5. Palaeontological Fossil Conservation Center, Qinggang County, Suihua 151600, China

6. Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China

Abstract

As one of the remaining species of Caprinae only found in Asia, serows (Capricornis) and their classification and conservation have received increasing attention in recent years. However, their evolutionary history and population dynamics are not yet clear. To shed light on these topics, we report the first near-complete ancient mitochondrial genomes from two serow sub-fossils (CADG839 and CADG946) dating to 8860 ± 30 years and 2450 ± 30 years, and incorporate the newly obtained mitogenomes into the dataset of living serows (18 complete mitochondrial genomes drawn from National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI) to investigate their relationships and evolution. Phylogenetic results support four clades of serows that can be further divided into five subclades, indicating higher genetic diversity than previously thought. Notably, our two ancient samples do not form a separate branch but belong to Capricornis sumatraensis clade A together with modern individuals, which suggests genetic continuity between ancient and modern serows. Furthermore, our results suggest that the maternal divergences of serows occurred at the beginning of the Pleistocene. Bayesian estimation indicates that the first divergence among all serows happened approximately 2.37 Ma (95% highest posterior density, HPD: 2.74–2.02 Ma) when Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) appeared, while the last divergence occurred within the Sumatran serow (C. sumatraensis clade A and B) around 0.37–0.25 Ma. Additionally, we found the effective maternal population size of C. sumatraensis increased around 225–160 and 90–50 ka, then remained stable since 50 ka. Overall, our study provides new insights into serow phylogeny and evolutionary history.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Genetics (clinical),Genetics

Reference48 articles.

1. Phan, T.D., Nijhawan, S., and Li, S. (2023, April 20). Capricornis sumatraensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: E.T162916735A162916910. Available online: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162916735/162916910.

2. Schaller, G.B. (1977). Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya, The University of Chicago Press.

3. A fossil Ailuropoda and Capricornis from Guilin County, Kwangsi;Huang;Vert. PalAsiat,1983

4.  Capricornis crispus;Jass;Mamm. Species,2004

5. Shepherd, C.R. (2023, April 20). Capricornis rubidus (Amended Version of 2021 Assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: E.T3815A214430673. Available online: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3815/214430673.

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