Human Genes Involved in the Interaction between Host and Gut Microbiome: Regulation and Pathogenic Mechanisms

Abstract

Introduction: The umbrella term “human gut microbiota” describes the complex ecosystem harboring our gut. It includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, archaea, fungi, and yeasts. This taxonomic classification does not describe its functions, which encompass nutrients digestion and absorption, immune system regulation, and host metabolism. “Gut microbiome” indicates instead the genome belonging to these “microbes” actively involved in these functions. However, the interaction between the host genome and the microbial ones determines the fine functioning of our organism. Methods: We reviewed the data available in the scientific literature on the definition of gut microbiota, gut microbiome, and the data on human genes involved in the interaction with the latter. We consulted the main medical databases using the following keywords, acronyms, and their associations: gut microbiota, gut microbiome, human genes, immune function, and metabolism. Results: Candidate human genes encoding enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and proteins show similarity with those included in the gut microbiome. These findings have become available through newer artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms allowing big data analysis. From an evolutionary point of view, these pieces of evidence explain the strict and sophisticated interaction at the basis of human metabolism and immunity regulation in humans. They unravel more and more physiopathologic pathways included in human health and disease. Discussion: Several lines of evidence also obtained through big data analysis support the bi-directional role of gut microbiome and human genome in host metabolism and immune system regulation.