Polydopamine-Coated Liposomes for Methylene Blue Delivery in Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy: Effects in 2D and 3D Cellular Models

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic option for cancer, in which photosensitizer (PS) drugs, light, and molecular oxygen generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce cell death. First- and second-generation PSs presented with problems that hindered their efficacy, including low solubility. Thus, second-generation PSs loaded into nanocarriers were produced to enhance their cellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy. Among other compounds investigated, the dye methylene blue (MB) showed potential as a PS, and its photodynamic activity in tumor cells was reported even in its nanocarrier-delivered form, including liposomes. Here, we prepared polydopamine (PDA)-coated liposomes and efficiently adsorbed MB onto their surface. lipoPDA@MB vesicles were first physico-chemically characterized and studies on their light stability and on the in vitro release of MB were performed. Photodynamic effects were then assessed on a panel of 2D- and 3D-cultured cancer cell lines, comparing the results with those obtained using free MB. lipoPDA@MB uptake, type of cell death induced, and ability to generate ROS were also investigated. Our results show that lipoPDA@MB possesses higher photodynamic potency compared to MB in both 2D and 3D cell models, probably thanks to its higher uptake, ROS production, and apoptotic cell death induction. Therefore, lipoPDA@MB appears as an efficient drug delivery system for MB-based PDT.