Biological Control of Lettuce Drop (Sclerotinia minor Jagger) Using Antagonistic Bacillus Species

Abstract

Sclerotinia minor (S. minor) Jagger is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes lettuce drop, a serious problem in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. The control of this pathogen is challenging because of the resistance of sclerotia, which can survive in the soil under favorable conditions. In Bulgaria, the management of lettuce drop relies primarily on the strategic application of synthetic fungicides. To find alternative methods for disease management, four bacterial isolates were screened for antagonism against S. minor. This study reports the in vitro evaluation of the antifungal activity of Bacillus subtilis, Priestia megaterium, Bacillus safensis, and Bacillus mojavensis against S. minor. The molecular identification of the isolates involved in the activity was examined through 16s rRNA sequencing. Isolated bacterial strains produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in a medium supplemented with 0.1% L-tryptophan. The ability of these strains to increase the mobility of phosphorus and zinc was elucidated. The production of siderophores was confirmed on CAS (Chrom azurol S) medium. The inhibitory action of the bacterial growth broth filtrates against S. minor was demonstrated, indicating the nature of the molecules involved. The evaluation of antifungal activity was carried out in vitro and in pot experiments. This study determined the effect of growth-promoting rhizobacteria on the development of lettuce. This research focuses mainly on the development of biocontrol strategies for the management of lettuce drop in greenhouses.