A Novel Index (RI) to Evaluate the Relative Stability of Soils Using Ultrasonic Agitation

Abstract

As soil stability is a complex phenomenon, various methods and indexes were introduced to assess the strength of soils. Because of the limitations of different stability methods and indexes (including wet sieving-based), we aimed to presents a relative stability index (RI) that was based on the estimated components of the soil overall disruptive characteristic curve (SODC): (1) soil disruption constant (Ki, that is based upon dispersion energy of soils); (2) resulting change in mean weight diameter (ΔMWD). To evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of RI as well as to compare it with classical soil stability indexes of mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD). Ultrasonic agitation (UA) along with a wet sieving method (followed by dry sieving) was applied against four different soils named on the basis of sample location, Qingling soil (QL), Guanzhong soil (GZ), Ansai soil (AS), and Jingbian soil (JB). To evaluate the relative strength of soils at different applied energies (increase in sonication duration usually resulted in increased input energy and temperature of soil–water suspension), soils were subjected to six sonication durations (0, 30, 60, 120, 210, and 300 s) with a fixed (and exact) initial amplitude and temperature. Output energy was calculated based on the amplitude and temperature of the suspension, vessel, and system. The most abrupt and maximum disruption of soil aggregates was observed at a dispersion energy level of 0–200 J g−1. The MWD value of surface and subsurface ranged between 0.58 to 0.15 mm and 0.37 to 0.17 mm, respectively, while GMD was ranged from 0.14 to 0.33 mm overall. The results for MWD and GMD showed a similar trend. MWD and GMD showed more strong associations with physicochemical characteristics of soil than RI. A non-significant correlation was found between RI and MWD/GMD. Contrary to MWD and GMD, RI was significantly positively correlated with sand content; this finding indicated the influential role of sand in assessing the soil’s relative strength. The results indicated that JB soil possessed the least MWD and GMD but proved to be relatively stable because of having the highest RI value.