The Identification and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and Its Substituents
Author:
Khamnuan Suthiwat1, Phrutivorapongkul Ampai1, Pitchakarn Pornsiri2ORCID, Buacheen Pensiri2, Karinchai Jirarat2ORCID, Chittasupho Chuda1ORCID, Na Takuathung Mingkwan34ORCID, Theansungnoen Tinnakorn5, Thongkhao Kannika6ORCID, Intharuksa Aekkhaluck1ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Suthep, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 3. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 4. Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 5. Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 6. School of Languages and General Education, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
Abstract
The aril and seed of nutmeg, Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), hold significant value in various industries globally. Our preliminary research found two morphological variations: a globose shape and an oval shape. Due to these different characteristics, the safety of consumers is of primary concern. Thus, authentication and comparative pharmacological and toxicity analyses are necessary. In this study, pharmacognostic and advanced phytochemical analyses, DNA barcoding, cytotoxicity, and the anti-nitric oxide production of commercial Thai nutmeg were examined. Via morphologic examinations and TLC fingerprinting, all the sampled aril and seed were categorized into globose and oval-shaped groups. The results of HPLC, GC-MS, and LC-MS/MS experiments revealed distinct differences between these groups. The DNA barcoding of the trnH-psbA region using the BLAST method and neighbor-joining tree analyses confirmed the globose nutmeg as M. fragrans and the oval-shaped variant as M. argentea. A comparison was then carried out between the potential toxicity and anti-inflammatory capabilities of M. fragrans and M. argentea. Cytotoxicity tests on HaCaT, 3T3-L1, Caco-2, HEK293, and RAW264.7 were performed using both methanolic extracts and volatile oil from the arils and seeds of both species. This study concludes that blending or substituting these two species maintains their therapeutic integrity without posing safety concerns.
Funder
Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University
Subject
Plant Science,Health Professions (miscellaneous),Health (social science),Microbiology,Food Science
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