Cone-Bearing Branches of Pinus koraiensis Are Not Carbon Autonomous during Cone Development

Author:

Wu Haibo,Yin Dongsheng,Salomón Roberto LuisORCID,Rodríguez-Calcerrada JesúsORCID,Zhang Jianying,Zhang PengORCID,Shen Hailong

Abstract

Cone development in conifer species is crucial to ensure sexual regeneration. A better understanding of carbon (C) source-sink relations at the branch level can guide strategies for improving resource allocation to reproduction. In particular, the evaluation of C relations between vegetative and reproductive branches is helpful to test whether tree branches are carbon autonomous. With this aim, we integrated girdling and defoliation treatments with 13C pulse labeling in situ to evaluate C autonomy in cone-bearing branches of P. koraiensis during the growing season. Girdling significantly reduced branch volumetric development, branch biomass, and non-structural carbohydrates across foliar, twig, and cone tissues; it also arrested cone development. Defoliation effects on these variables were minor, although they tended to increase with defoliation intensity. In addition, 13C increased by 4.5% and 45.4% after 4 h and 24 h of 13C labeling in unlabeled cone-bearing branches, respectively, indicating the C translocation from labeled vegetative branches. These results indicate that the cone-bearing branches are not C autonomous and that the development of female cones relies to a great extent on C import from neighboring branches. However, the amount of C translocated was largely dependent on manipulative alterations of the source-sink balance, thereby denoting extensive plasticity in the degree of branch C autonomy. These results shed light on the reproductive physiology of P. koraiensis.

Funder

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

National Key Research and Development Program of China

National Natural Science Foundation of China

China Scholarship Council

Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Forestry

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