Role of Micronutrients in the Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Patients

Abstract

Nutrition is essential in developing and maintaining a robust immune system and is vital for immune homeostasis. The pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to dietary changes, as their growth and development require a high energy intake. Malnutrition in infants can have immediate and long-lasting effects, increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. Under and overnutrition can slow down the immune response to infections, which can delay recovery. To effectively defend against SARS-CoV-2 infection and enhance viral clearance, it is essential to maintain a healthy diet that includes sufficient macro and micronutrients. Several studies, most of which have been performed in adults, have shown that vitamins such as C, B12, folate, D, and E, as well as the minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc, and magnesium, can help reduce the symptoms and duration of an infection. Supplementation with micronutrients has been shown to help with childhood malnutrition and can contribute to a more favorable clinical course of COVID-19. In children with obesity, it is also essential to monitor cardiometabolic and thrombotic risks, based on data from studies in adults. This review analyses the impact of the nutritional status of pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, its contribution to clinical severity, and potential therapeutic interventions.