The Surgical Outcome of Infective Endocarditis in South Africa over 10 Years: A Retrospective Review

Abstract

Objectives: There is a paucity of data on the outcome of left-sided cardiac valve surgery for infective endocarditis in South Africa. It is hypothesized that outcomes may be poorer compared to international standards due to differences in disease burden, timing of surgery, organism prevalence, and co-morbidities. Method: This is a retrospective study of 160 patients with left heart valve endocarditis who underwent cardiac surgery from January 2010 to December 2019. Demographic, operative, and admission-related parameters were assessed to determine their association with all-cause mortality during the early post-operative (<30 days) and late post-operative (>30 days) periods. Results: Early post-operative mortality (<30 days) was 8.8% and late post-operative mortality (>30 days) was 13.1%. Late survival showed 77.5% of the patients were alive with a mean follow-up period of 41 months. Increased age (p = 0.04), critical illness (p < 0.001), and higher urgency of intervention (p < 0.001) were associated with higher early post-operative mortality. Peri-operative organ failure, including cardiac (p = 0.025), renal (p = 0.016), and respiratory failure (p < 0.001), contributed significantly to both early and late mortality. Pre-operative antibiotics for fewer days (p = 0.024), ongoing sepsis (p = 0.022), and para-valvular extension (p = 0.046) were associated with higher early mortality. Conclusions: Infective endocarditis is a common indication for cardiac valve surgery in South Africa. Goal-directed medical management and clinical optimization prior to surgery were crucial to achieving better outcomes. Salvage procedures and critical illness with organ failure prior to surgery were associated with poorer outcomes. Despite unique challenges, cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis at Tygerberg Hospital compares favorably to international standards.