Quantifying Carotid Stenosis: History, Current Applications, Limitations, and Potential: How Imaging Is Changing the Scenario

Author:

Saba Luca1ORCID,Scicolone Roberta1,Johansson Elias2ORCID,Nardi Valentina3ORCID,Lanzino Giuseppe4,Kakkos Stavros K.5,Pontone Gianluca67,Annoni Andrea D.6ORCID,Paraskevas Kosmas I.8ORCID,Fox Allan J.9ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Radiology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy

2. Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden

3. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA

4. Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA

5. Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece

6. Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Via C. Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy

7. Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

8. Department of Vascular Surgery, Central Clinic of Athens, 14122 Athens, Greece

9. Department of Medical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada

Abstract

Carotid artery stenosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The journey to understanding carotid disease has developed over time and radiology has a pivotal role in diagnosis, risk stratification and therapeutic management. This paper reviews the history of diagnostic imaging in carotid disease, its evolution towards its current applications in the clinical and research fields, and the potential of new technologies to aid clinicians in identifying the disease and tailoring medical and surgical treatment.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Paleontology,Space and Planetary Science,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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