Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Changes of Plasma/Serum Ghrelin and Evaluation of These Changes between Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Controls: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background and objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can be related to high ghrelin hormone levels that may encourage additional energy intake. Herein, a new systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to check the changes in serum/plasma levels of ghrelin in adults with OSA compared to controls, as well as before compared after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in adults with OSA. Materials and methods: Four main databases were systematically and comprehensively searched until 17 October 2022, without any restrictions. For assessing the quality, we used the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist adapted for case–control studies and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool for before–after studies. The effect sizes were extracted by the Review Manager 5.3 software for the blood of ghrelin in adults with OSA compared with controls, as well as before and after CPAP therapy. Results: Fifteen articles involving thirteen studies for case–control studies and nine articles for before–after studies were included. The pooled standardized mean differences were 0.30 (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.02, 0.61; p = 0.07; I2 = 80%) and 0.10 (95% CI: −0.08, 0.27; p = 0.27; I2 = 42%) for case–control and before–after studies, respectively. For thirteen case–control studies, nine had moderate and four high qualities, whereas for nine before–after studies, five had good and four fair qualities. Based on the trial sequential analysis, more studies are needed to confirm the pooled results of the analyses of blood ghrelin levels in case–control and before–after studies. In addition, the radial plot showed outliers for the analysis of case–control studies that they were significant factors for high heterogeneity. Conclusions: The findings of the present meta-analysis recommended that the blood levels of ghrelin had no significant difference in the adults with OSA compared with the controls, nor did they have significant difference in adults with OSA before compared with after CPAP therapy. The present findings need to be confirmed in additional studies with more cases and higher qualities.