Study of Ionosphere Irregularities over the Iberian Peninsula during Two Moderate Geomagnetic Storms Using GNSS and Ionosonde Observations

Abstract

Studies on the irregularities of the ionosphere during disturbed geomagnetic conditions are fundamental to understanding the complex dynamics taking place in the upper atmosphere. In this work, different data sources are used to study the ionosphere effects of two moderate geomagnetic storms, 26–27 February 2014 and 17–18 September 2021, over the Iberian Peninsula. Data are obtained from digital ionosondes in Spain, Italy and Greece; the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived Total Electron Content (TEC) and Rate Of TEC Index (ROTI) from several receiver stations in Spain, Portugal and Morocco; and the UPC Quarter-of-an-hour time resolution Rapid GIM (UQRG), vertical TEC global ionosphere maps (GIMs), produced at 15 min intervals by the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC, Spain). This analysis showed that, during the two moderate storms, spread-F and high values of ROTI, indicating the presence of irregularities, are found in a very localized area (Southern Iberian Peninsula and northwest Africa) and local times (night-time). However, no irregularities are found eastwards and northwards of the location indicated. We propose some possible explanations for these observations for both the storms, one of them related to the position of the Equatorial Ionosphere Anomaly (EIA) and the other one attributed to the Perkins’ instabilities.