Pathophysiological Role of Variants of the Promoter Region of CITED2 Gene in Sporadic Tetralogy of Fallot Patients with Cellular Function Verification

Abstract

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common congenital heart malformation. Genetic variants in the CITED2 coding region are known to be significantly associated with cardiac malformation, but the role of variants in the CITED2 promoter region in the development of TOF remains unclear. In this study, we investigated CITED2 promoter variants in the DNA of 605 subjects, including 312 TOF patients and 293 unrelated healthy controls, by Sanger sequencing. We identified nine CITED2 gene promoter variants (including one novel heterozygous variant). Six were found only in patients with TOF and none in the control group. The transcriptional activity of the CITED2 gene promoter in mouse cardiomyocyte (HL-1) cells was significantly altered by the six variants (p < 0.05). The results of the electrophoretic mobility change assay and JASPAR database analysis showed that these variants generated or destroyed a series of possible transcription factor binding sites, resulting in changes in the CITED2 protein expression. We conclude that CITED2 promoter variants in TOF patients affect transcriptional activity and may be involved in the occurrence and progression of TOF. These findings may provide new insights into molecular pathogenesis and potential therapeutic insights in patients with TOF.