The Effect of the Repair of Induced Articular Cartilage Defects in Pigs Using Calcium Phosphate Cement with Aminoacids on the Concentrations of Selected Inflammatory Markers and Serum Enzyme Activities

Abstract

The repair of articular cartilage defects is an intensively developing area of research. Severe inflammatory reactions after surgical interventions on bones or their structures may lead to changes of bone or joint asymmetry. In laboratory diagnostics, some inflammatory biomarkers and serum enzymes are available for the evaluation of these inflammatory processes. A general understanding of inflammatory responses following the repair of cartilage defects is still lacking. The aim of this study was to describe the alterations in the values of five inflammatory markers and the activities of several enzymes in seven 5-month-old pigs within the first 30 days following the restoration of induced articular cartilage defects using the tetracalcium phosphate/nanomoneite cement powder enriched with amino acids (CAL). The reconstruction of surgically induced defects was accompanied by a significant increase of serum amyloid A (SAA, p < 0.05), haptoglobin (Hp, p < 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP, p < 0.01), and pig major acute phase protein (pig-MAP, p < 0.001). Their concentrations decreased gradually within one-month post-surgery, the values recorded at the end of this period were higher than those obtained prior to surgery. The concentrations of α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) showed no significant changes during the evaluated period. Alterations were also found in the enzyme activities of creatine kinase (p < 0.05), lactate-dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that SAA, Hp, CRP and pig-MAP might be applicable biomarkers of acute phase response for the monitoring of postoperative period.