Calculation of Temperature Fields in a Lithium Ceramic Pebble Bed during Reactor Irradiation in a Vacuum

Abstract

Two-phase lithium ceramic Li2TiO3-Li4SiO4 is considered as a tritium multiplier for use in the solid blanket of fusion reactors. To date, the most accurate understanding of the processes of tritium and helium production and release occurring in the breeder blanket materials under neutron irradiation can only be obtained from experiments in fission research reactors. At that, irradiations in vacuum give the possibility to register even very fast gas release processes (bursts) from the ceramics’ voids and pores, although it reduces the thermal conductivity of the pebble bed. The purpose of this work was to simulate the heating of mono-sized pebble bed (1 mm in diameter) of two-phase lithium ceramic 25 mol%Li2TiO3+75 mol%Li4SiO4 in an ampoule device during neutron irradiation at the WWR-K research reactor under vacuum conditions, and to determine experimental parameters in order to prevent heating of the lithium ceramics up to the Li4SiO4-Li2SiO3 phase transition temperatures (>900 °C). For the first time, it was obtained that the effective thermal conductivity of a 1 mm mono-sized pebble bed of 25 mol%Li2TiO3+75 mol%Li4SiO4 significantly decreases (four times) when it is irradiated with neutrons in a vacuum (at a helium pressure of approximately 10 Pa), compared to a similar calculation at 100 kPa of helium (when the He sweep is used). It was concluded that it is difficult to evaluate the maximal temperature of the ceramics in the capsule by measuring the temperature of its outer metal wall (according to thermocouple readings) without using the results of thermophysical calculations for each type of ceramic, taking into account its quantity, specific heat release and pebble size(s). To control the temperature of the ceramics during an irradiation experiment in a vacuum, an in-capsule thermocouple should be used, placed in the center of the pebble bed. Measuring the temperature of the pebble bed based on the capsule wall temperature can lead to overheating of the ceramics and phase changes.