High-Density Polyethylene Custom Focusing Lenses for High-Resolution Transient Terahertz Biomedical Imaging Sensors

Author:

Chakraborty Debamitra12ORCID,Boni Robert2,Mills Bradley N.3,Cheng Jing12,Komissarov Ivan24,Gerber Scott A.3,Sobolewski Roman1245ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0166, USA

2. Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623-1299, USA

3. Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642-0001, USA

4. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0231, USA

5. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0171, USA

Abstract

Transient terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) imaging has emerged as a novel non-ionizing and noninvasive biomedical imaging modality, designed for the detection and characterization of a variety of tissue malignancies due to their high signal-to-noise ratio and submillimeter resolution. We report our design of a pair of aspheric focusing lenses using a commercially available lens-design software that resulted in about 200 × 200-μm2 focal spot size corresponding to the 1-THz frequency. The lenses are made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) obtained using a lathe fabrication and are integrated into a THz-TDS system that includes low-temperature GaAs photoconductive antennae as both a THz emitter and detector. The system is used to generate high-resolution, two-dimensional (2D) images of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded murine pancreas tissue blocks. The performance of these focusing lenses is compared to the older system based on a pair of short-focal-length, hemispherical polytetrafluoroethylene (TeflonTM) lenses and is characterized using THz-domain measurements, resulting in 2D maps of the tissue refractive index and absorption coefficient as imaging markers. For a quantitative evaluation of the lens effect on the image resolution, we formulated a lateral resolution parameter, R2080, defined as the distance required for a 20–80% transition of the imaging marker from the bare paraffin region to the tissue region in the same image frame. The R2080 parameter clearly demonstrates the advantage of the HDPE lenses over TeflonTM lenses. The lens-design approach presented here can be successfully implemented in other THz-TDS setups with known THz emitter and detector specifications.

Funder

University Research Award (URA) Program

National Nuclear Security Administration

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference28 articles.

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