Long-Term Scenarios of Indonesia Power Sector to Achieve Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2060

Author:

Kanugrahan Satria Putra1,Hakam Dzikri Firmansyah2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. PT PLN (Persero), Jakarta 12160, Indonesia

2. School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Abstract

This study aims to assess the feasibility of achieving Indonesia’s net-zero emissions target by 2060 through a model of future power generation using renewable energy sources using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) software. There are five projected power generation scenarios in this research: the reference (REF) scenario, the conservative (CON) scenario, the moderate (MOD) scenario, the progressive (PRO) scenario, and the advanced (ADV) scenario. The availability of renewable energy technology differentiates each scenario. The ADV scenario, which utilizes nuclear power and energy storage, achieves the 100% renewable energy target by 2060 at the lowest total cost. However, the costs of CON and MOD are not significantly higher. Indonesia should decommission existing fossil fuel power plants and construct more renewable energy power plants to achieve the net-zero emissions target. Based on the simulation, biomass energy is the least favorable type of energy. Solar becomes an option only when other renewable energies are at their maximum potential capacity. Furthermore, nuclear energy and energy storage is essential for Indonesia to achieve the renewable target.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Energy (miscellaneous),Energy Engineering and Power Technology,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Control and Optimization,Engineering (miscellaneous),Building and Construction

Reference39 articles.

1. Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2022). Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution Republic of Indonesia 2022, Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

2. Ardiansyah, H., Ekadewi, P., Silalahi, D.F., Gunawan, D., Wahyuni, E., Dipayana, G.F., Hardhi, M., Winofa, N.C., Ramadhan, R.A., and Hidayat, T. (2022). Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Strategy towards Net-Zero Emissions by 2060 from the Renewables and Carbon-Neutral Energy Perspectives, Penerbit BRIN.

3. (2022, October 07). IEA Indonesia’s Push to Reach Net Zero Emissions Can Help Power a New Phase in Its Economic Development–News–IEA. Available online: https://www.iea.org/news/indonesia-s-push-to-reach-net-zero-emissions-can-help-power-a-new-phase-in-its-economic-development.

4. (2022, September 09). Iqbal Ilham Indonesia’s Net Zero Emissions: A Roadmap for Clean, Affordable and Secure Energy—IESR. Available online: https://iesr.or.id/en/indonesias-net-zero-emissions-a-roadmap-for-clean-affordable-and-secure-energy.

5. PT PLN (Persero) (2022). STATISTIK PLN 2021, PT PLN (Persero).

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