Phylogenetic Network Analyses Reveal the Influence of Transmission Clustering on the Spread of HIV Drug Resistance in Quebec from 2002 to 2022

Abstract

Background: HIV drug resistance (HIV-DR) may jeopardize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in treatment and prevention. This study utilized viral phylogenetics to resolve the influence of transmission networks on sustaining the spread of HIV-DR in Quebec spanning 2002 to 2022. Methods: Time trends in acquired (ADR) and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) were delineated in treatment-experienced (n = 3500) and ART-naïve persons (n = 6011) with subtype B infections. Similarly, non-B-subtype HIV-DR networks were assessed pre- (n = 1577) and post-ART experience (n = 488). Risks of acquisition of resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were related to clustering using 1, 2–5, vs. 6+ members per cluster as categorical variables. Results: Despite steady declines in treatment failure and ADR since 2007, rates of TDR among newly infected, ART-naive persons remained at 14% spanning the 2007–2011, 2012–2016, and 2017–2022 periods. Notably, half of new infections among men having sex with men and heterosexual groups were linked in large, clustered networks having a median of 35 (14–73 IQR) and 16 (9–26 IQR) members per cluster, respectively. Cluster membership and size were implicated in forward transmission of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NNRTI RAMs (9%) and thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) (5%). In contrast, transmission of M184V, K65R, and integrase inhibitors (1–2%) remained rare. Levels of TDR reflected viral replicative fitness. The median baseline viremia in ART-naïve groups having no RAMs, NNRTI RAMs, TAMs, and M184VI were 46.088, 38,447, 20,330, and 6811 copies/mL, respectively (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Phylogenetics emphasize the need to prioritize ART and pre-exposure prophylaxis strategies to avert the expansion of transmission cascades of HIV-DR.