The Potential Role of the Fat–Glandular Interface (FGI) in Breast Carcinogenesis: Results from an Ultrasound Tomography (UST) Study

Abstract

This study explored the relationship between the extent of the fat–glandular interface (FGI) and the presence of malignant vs. benign lesions. Two hundred and eight patients were scanned with ultrasound tomography (UST) as part of a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant study. Segmentation of the sound speed images, employing the k-means clustering method, was used to help define the extent of the FGI for each patient. The metric, α, was defined as the surface area to volume ratio of the segmented fibroglandular volume and its mean value across patients was determined for cancers, fibroadenomas and cysts. ANOVA tests were used to assess significance. The means and standard deviations of α for cancers, fibroadenomas and cysts were found to be 4.0 ± 2.0 cm−1, 3.1 ± 1.7 cm−1 and 2.3 ± 0.9 cm−1, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The separation between the groups increased when α was measured on only the image slice where the finding was most prominent, with values for cancers, fibroadenomas and cysts of 5.4 ± 3.6 cm−1, 3.6 ± 2.3 cm−1 and 2.4 ± 1.5 cm−1, respectively. Of the three types of masses studied, cancer was associated with the most extensive FGIs, suggesting a potential role for the FGI in carcinogenesis, a subject for future studies.