Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging as an Adjunct to the Evaluation of Cardiovascular Involvement in Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a new epidemic which has presented an immense increase in recent decades, due to the rapid increase in obesity. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) significantly reduces life expectancy and is the main cause of death in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Strict glycemic control is a well-established method to combat microvascular CVD of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM); its role against CVD of the T2DM risk has not been well documented. Therefore, the most efficient prevention is multifactorial risk factor reduction. Recently, the European Society of Cardiology published its 2019 recommendations on CVD in DM. Although all clinical points were discussed in this document, only a few comments were presented about when and how we should recommend cardiovascular (CV) imaging. Currently, CV imaging is the “must” in CV noninvasive evaluation. Alterations in CV imaging parameters can lead to early recognition of various types of CVD. In this paper, we briefly discuss the role of noninvasive imaging modalities, emphasizing the benefits of including cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in the evaluation of DM. CMR, in the same examination, can provide an assessment of tissue characterization, perfusion and function, with excellent reproducibility and without radiation or limitations, due to the body habitus. Therefore, it can play a dominant role in the prevention and risk stratification of DM. The suggested protocol for DM evaluation should include routine annual echocardiographic evaluation of all DM patients and CMR assessment of those with poorly controlled DM, microalbuminuria, heart failure, arrhythmia and recent alterations in clinical or echocardiographic evaluation.