Daily Duration of Eating for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author:

Townley Jill1ORCID,Northstone Kate2,Hinton Elanor C.3ORCID,Hamilton-Shield Julian3ORCID,Searle Aidan3,Leary Sam4

Affiliation:

1. Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

2. Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK

3. NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Diet and Physical Activity Theme, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Education and Research Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK

4. Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, 1 Trinity Walk, Bristol BS2 0PT, UK

Abstract

Time-limited eating is a dietary intervention whereby eating is limited to a specific window of time during the day. The usual eating windows of adults, and how these can be manipulated for dietary interventions, is well documented. However, there is a paucity of data on eating windows of young people, the manipulation of which may be a useful intervention for reducing obesity. This paper reviewed the existing literature on the eating windows of children and adolescents, aged 5–18 years, plus clock times of first and last intakes and variations by subgroup. Two databases (Medline and Embase) were searched for eligible papers published between February 2013 and February 2023, with forward searching of the citation network of included studies on Web of Science. Articles were screened, and data extracted, in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Ten studies were included, with both observational and experimental designs. Narrative synthesis showed large variations in eating windows with average values ranging from 9.7 h to 16.4 h. Meta-analysis, of five studies, showed a pooled mean daily eating window of 11.3 h (95% CI 11.0, 11.7). Large variations in eating windows exist across different study populations; however, the pooled data suggest that it may be possible to design time-limited eating interventions in paediatric populations aimed at reducing eating windows. Further high-quality research, investigating eating windows and subsequent associations with health outcomes, is needed.

Funder

University of Bristol scholarship funding

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference50 articles.

1. World Health Organization (2023, April 05). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

2. NHS Digital (2023, November 13). National Childhood Measurement Programme, England, 2022/23 School Year. Available online: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/national-child-measurement-programme/2022-23-school-year.

3. NHS Digital (2023, April 04). Health Survey for England 2019. Available online: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/2019/main-findings.

4. Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences;Sahoo;J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care,2015

5. Prevention and Control of Childhood Obesity: The Backbone in Prevention of Non Communicable Disease;Kelishadi;Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.,2019

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