Comprehensive Characterization of the Genetic Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus: Insights into Infection Dynamics, Immunomodulation, Virulence and Genes with Unknown Function
Author:
Venkateswaran Dhithya1, Prakash Anwesha1, Nguyen Quynh Anh1, Salman Muhammad1ORCID, Suntisukwattana Roypim1, Atthaapa Waranya1, Tantituvanont Angkana2, Lin Hongyao3, Songkasupa Tapanut4, Nilubol Dachrit1
Affiliation:
1. Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2. Department of Pharmaceutic and Industrial Pharmacies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 3. MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd., Singapore 718847, Singapore 4. National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, 50/2 Kasetklang, Phahonyothin 45-15, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious hemorrhagic viral disease affecting the swine population. The causative agent is African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). There is no treatment or commercial vaccine available at present. This virus poses a significant threat to the global swine industry and economy, with 100% mortality rate in acute cases. ASFV transmission occurs through both direct and indirect contact, with control measures limited to early detection, isolation, and culling of infected pigs. ASFV exhibits a complex genomic structure and encodes for more than 50 structural and 100 non-structural proteins and has 150 to 167 open reading frames (ORFs). While many of the proteins are non-essential for viral replication, they play crucial roles in mediating with the host to ensure longevity and transmission of virus in the host. The dynamic nature of ASFV research necessitates constant updates, with ongoing exploration of various genes and their functions, vaccine development, and other ASF-related domains. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the structural and functional roles of both newly discovered and previously recorded genes involved in distinct stages of ASFV infection and immunomodulation. Additionally, the review discusses the virulence genes and genes with unknown functions, and proposes future interventions.
Funder
Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University Agricultural Research Development Agency Second Century Fund (C2F) Chulalongkorn University Chulalongkorn University for Research Unit Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit
Reference240 articles.
1. Wang, Y., Kang, W., Yang, W., Zhang, J., Li, D., and Zheng, H. (2021). Structure of African Swine Fever Virus and Associated Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Infection and Immunosuppression: A Review. Front. Immunol., 12. 2. ASF evolution and its economic impact in Europe over the past decade;Stancu;USV Ann. Econ. Public Adm.,2019 3. Genotyping field strains of African swine fever virus by partial p72 gene characterisation;Bastos;Arch. Virol.,2003 4. Njau, E.P., Machuka, E.M., Cleaveland, S., Shirima, G.M., Kusiluka, L.J., Okoth, E.A., and Pelle, R. (2021). African swine fever virus (ASFV): Biology, genomics and genotypes circulating in sub-Saharan Africa. Viruses, 13. 5. Sauter-Louis, C., Conraths, F.J., Probst, C., Blohm, U., Schulz, K., Sehl, J., Fischer, M., Forth, J.H., Zani, L., and Depner, K. (2021). African swine fever in wild boar in Europe—A review. Viruses, 13.
|
|