Comprehensive Evaluation of Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trend of NO2, SO2 and AOD Using Satellite Observations over South and East Asia from 2011 to 2021

Author:

Rahman Md Masudur12ORCID,Wang Shuo1,Zhao Weixiong1ORCID,Arshad Arfan3ORCID,Zhang Weijun1,He Cenlin4ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China

2. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna 6600, Bangladesh

3. Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA

4. Research Application Laboratory, National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80307, USA

Abstract

The past decade has witnessed remarkable economic development, marked by rapid industrialization and urbanization across Asian regions. This surge in economic activity has led to significant emissions, resulting in alarming levels of air pollution. Our study comprehensively assessed the spatial and temporal trends of key pollutants, namely nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and aerosol (using aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm as an indicator), from 2011 to 2021. The data sources utilized include OMI onboard the Aura satellite for NO2 and SO2, as well as MODIS onboard Terra and Aqua satellites for AOD. The results from spatial and temporal trend analyses of the three parameters show that there is a clear declining trend over China and Republic of Korea (e.g., NO2 is declining with an overall rate of −7.8 × 1012 molecules/cm2/year over China) due to the strict implementation of air pollution control policies. However, it is essential to note that both countries still grapple with substantial pollution levels, with proportions exceeding 0.5, indicating that air quality is improving but has not yet reached a safe threshold. In contrast, South Asian regions, including Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India, are experiencing an increasing trend (e.g., NO2 is increasing with an overall rate of 1.2 × 1012 molecules/cm2/year in Bangladesh), primarily due to the lack of rigorous air pollution control policies. The average emissions of NO2 and SO2 were remarkably higher in winter than in summer. Notably, the identified hotspots are statistically significant and predominantly coincide with densely populated areas, such as the North China Plain (NCP). Furthermore, this study underscores the pivotal role of sector-wise emissions in air quality monitoring and improvement. Different cities are primarily influenced by emissions from specific sectors, emphasizing the need for targeted pollution control measures. The findings presented in this research contribute valuable insights to the air quality monitoring and improvement efforts in East and South Asian regions.

Funder

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) President’s International Fellowship Initiative

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS

Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province

HFIPS Director’s Fund

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Earth and Planetary Sciences

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