Co-Thermal Oxidation of Lignite and Rice Straw for Synthetization of Composite Humic Substances: Parametric Optimization via Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

In this study, Baoqing lignite (BL) and rice straw (RS), which were the representatives of low-rank coal and biomass, were co-thermally oxidized to produce composite humic substances (HS), including humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA). Taking HS content as the output response, the co-thermally oxidizing conditions were optimized through single factor experiment and response surface methodology (RSM). The structures of HA and FA prepared under optimized conditions were analyzed by SEM, UV, and FTIR. Results showed that HS content was clearly influenced by the material ratio, oxidation time, and oxidation temperature, as well as their interactions. The optimized co-thermal oxidization condition was as follows: BL and RS pretreated with a material ratio of 0.53, oxidation time of 59.50 min, and oxidation temperature of 75.63 °C. Through verification, the experimental value (62.37%) had a small relative error compared to the predicted value (62.27%), which indicated that the developed models were fit and accurate. The obtained HA had a tightly packed block structure; FA had a loosely spherical shape. The molecular weight of FA was 2487 Da and HA was 20,904 Da; both had a smaller molecular weight than that reported in other literature. FA showed strong bands at 1720 cm−1, thus confirming the presence of more oxygen-containing functional groups. The appearance of double peaks at 2900~2980 cm−1 indicated that HA contains more aliphatic chains. The co-thermal oxidation of BL and RS gives a new method for the synthesis of HS, and the optimization of co-thermal oxidation conditions will provide fundamental information for the industrialization of composite HS.