Phytophthora Communities Associated with Agathis australis (kauri) in Te Wao Nui o Tiriwa/Waitākere Ranges, New Zealand

Author:

Hunter Shannon123ORCID,Horner Ian3,Hosking Jack3ORCID,Carroll Ellena3,Newland Jayne3,Arnet Matthew13ORCID,Waipara Nick2,Burns Bruce4ORCID,Scott Peter5,Williams Nari134ORCID

Affiliation:

1. George Mason Centre for the Natural Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

2. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand

3. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Havelock North 4157, New Zealand

4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

5. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA 6000, Australia

Abstract

Studies of Phytophthora impact in forests generally focus on individual species without recognition that Phytophthora occur in multispecies communities. This study investigated community structure of Phytophthora species in the rhizosphere of Agathis australis (kauri) in Te Wao Nui o Tiriwa/Waitākere Ranges, New Zealand, in the context of kauri dieback disease expression. Soil sampling and tree monitoring were conducted on 767 randomly selected mature kauri trees. Phytophthora species were detected using both soil baiting and DNA metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA). Four species were detected with soil baiting (P. agathidicida, P. cinnamomi, P. multivora, and P. pseudocryptogea/P. cryptogea) and an additional three species with metabarcoding (P. kernoviae, P. cactorum/P. aleatoria and an unknown clade 7 species). Phytophthora cinnamomi was the most abundant species and was distributed throughout the forest. Both P. multivora and P. agathidicida were limited to forest edges, suggesting more recent introductions. P. agathidicida presence was strongly correlated with declining canopy health, confirming its role as the main driver of kauri dieback. The limited distribution of P. agathidicida and infrequent detections (11.0% samples) suggests that that this species is spreading as an introduced invasive pathogen and provide hope that with strategic management (including track upgrades and closures, restricting access to uninfected areas, and continual monitoring) uninfected areas of the forest can be protected. The frequent detections of P. cinnamomi and P. multivora from symptomatic trees in the absence of P. agathidicida suggest more research is needed to understand their roles in kauri forest health.

Funder

Auckland Council

George Mason Centre for the Natural Environment at the University of Auckland

New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment

Publisher

MDPI AG

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