Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Disease Severity Using Image Analysis and Correlation with Systemic Proinflammation and Predictors of Clinical Outcome

Abstract

(1) Background: The presentation of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) ranges from single granuloma to fibrosis in the affected lung. CPA can be divided into five categories according to European Respirology Society (ERS) guidance but is usually assessed by clinical physicians. Computer-based quantitative lung parenchyma analysis in CPA and its correlation with clinical manifestations, systemic inflammation, and angiogenesis have never been investigated. (2) Method: Forty-nine patients with CPA and 36 controls were prospectively enrolled. Pulmonary function tests (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/FCV) and biomarkers in the peripheral blood (the chemokines interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, CRP, ESR, MMP1, MMP7, MMP8, TNF-α, calprotectin, SDF-1α, and VEGFA) were measured before antifungal treatment. The disease severity was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe based on chest computed tomography (CT) images. The oxygen demand and overall mortality until the end of the study were recorded. Quantitative parenchyma analysis was performed using the free software 3Dslicer. (3) Results: The results of quantitative parenchyma analysis concorded with the visual severity from the chest CT, oxygen demand, FVC, and FEV1 in the study subjects. The decrease in kurtosis and skewness of the lung density histograms on CT, increase in high attenuation area (HAA), and reduced lung volume were significantly correlated with increases in the PMN %, CRP, IL-1B, SDF-1α, MMP1, and Calprotectin in peripheral blood in the multivariable regression analysis. TNF-α and IL-1B at study entry and the CPA severity from either a visual method or computer-based evaluation were predictors of long-term mortality. (4) Conclusion: The computer-based parenchyma analysis in CPA agreed with the categorization on a visual basis and was associated with the clinical outcomes, chemokines, and systemic proinflammation profiles.