Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Infection Rates of Schistosome Transmitting Snails in Southern Africa

Abstract

Efforts to interrupt and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem have increased in several Southern African countries. A systematic review was carried out on the infection rates of snails that cause schistosomiasis in humans. The searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, using the PRISMA guidelines from inception to 24 February 2022. The study quality was assessed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence critical appraisal checklist. Pooled infection rates were estimated by using an inverse variance heterogeneity model, while heterogeneity was determined by using Cochran’s Q test and Higgins i2 statistics. A total of 572 articles were screened, but only 28 studies were eligible for inclusion based on predetermined criteria. In the selected studies, 82,471 Bulinus spp. and 16,784 Biomphalaria spp. snails were screened for cercariae. The pooled infectivity of schistosome intermediate host snails, Biomphalaria spp., and Bulinus spp. were 1%, 2%, and 1%, respectively. Snail infection rates were higher in the 1900s compared to the 2000s. A Luis Furuya–Kanamori index of 3.16 indicated publication bias, and a high level of heterogeneity was observed. Although snail infectivity in Southern Africa is relatively low, it falls within the interval of common snail infection rates, thus indicating the need for suitable snail control programs that could interrupt transmission and achieve elimination.