Game-Based Simulation and Study of Pedestrian-Automated Vehicle Interactions

Author:

Pappas GeorgiosORCID,Siegel Joshua E.ORCID,Kassens-Noor EvaORCID,Rutkowski JacobORCID,Politopoulos KonstantinosORCID,Zorpas Antonis A.ORCID

Abstract

We identify the need for enhanced pedestrian–vehicle simulation tools and build such a tool to explore the interaction among pedestrian “players” and virtual human- and automated-vehicles for different scenarios taking place in an urban environment. We first present contemporary research tools and then propose the design and development of a new desktop application that facilitates pedestrian-point-of-view research. We then conduct a three-step user experience experiment, in which a small number of participants answer questions before and after using the application to interact with virtual human and automated vehicles in diverse road-crossing scenarios. Behavioral results observed in virtuality, especially when motivated by consequence, tend to simulate real life sufficiently well to inform design choices. From the simulation, we observed valuable insights into human–vehicle interactions. Upon completing this preliminary testing, we iterated the tool’s design and ultimately conducted an 89-participant study of human–vehicle interactions for three scenarios taking place in a virtual environment. Our tool raised participant awareness of autonomous vehicles and their capabilities and limitations, which is an important step in overcoming public distrust of AVs. We additionally saw that participants trust humans and technology less as drivers than in other contexts, and that pedestrians feel safer around vehicles with autonomy indicators. Further, we note that study participants increasingly feel safe with automated vehicles with increased exposure. These preliminary results, as well as the efficacy of the tool’s design, may inform future socio-technical design for automated vehicles and their human interactions.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Environmental Science

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1. Development of a measurement instrument for pedestrians’ initial trust in automated vehicles;International Journal of Human-Computer Studies;2024-11

2. Anthropomorphic External Human-Machine Interface Design of Autonomous Vehicles in Roblox to Change Road Users’ Behavior;2023 11th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW);2023-09-10

3. Metaverse and circular economy;Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy;2023-06-14

4. Examining pedestrians’ trust in automated vehicles based on attributes of trust: A qualitative study;Applied Ergonomics;2023-05

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