Tannin Industry Waste-Derived Porous Carbon: An Effective Adsorbent from Black Wattle Bark for Organic Pollutant Removal

Author:

Schultz Juliana12ORCID,Leal Tarcisio Wolff2ORCID,Pantano Gláucia1ORCID,Batista Estela M. C. C.1,Matos Tassya T. S.1,Munaretto Laiéli S.1,de Andrade Jailson B.3,Mangrich Antonio S.13

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil

2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19011, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil

3. National Institute of Science and Technology—Energy and Environment (INCT E&A), Salvador 40170-155, BA, Brazil

Abstract

In Brazil, a significant part of the biomass is unused, contributing to environmental pollution. The tannin industry commonly extracts tannins from the bark of Acacia mearnsii or black wattle, leaving a significant residue of 70% (w w−1). This study investigates the conversion of black wattle bark into a porous carbonaceous material to efficiently remove organic pollutants. Using ZnCl2 as a chemical activation reagent, the experiments varied the impregnation time, carbonization rates, and temperatures. Additional experiments aimed to increase the specific surface area (SSA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the formation and removal of ZnO, which increased porosity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an irregular morphology with pores. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated characteristic bands, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detected organic free radicals. The SSAs exceeded 1000 m2 g−1, averaging 1360 m2 g−1, with a maximum of 1525 m2 g−1. Micropores (1.4 nm) were consistent. The structure of the material and the high SSA suggest a potential for efficient removal of aromatic impurities by π–π interactions. This approach addresses the issue of biomass waste, provides a solution for environmental remediation, and represents a transformative strategy for biomass utilization.

Funder

CAPES

Brazilian National Council of Scientific and Technological Development

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment,Geography, Planning and Development,Building and Construction

Reference56 articles.

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