Divergence of Seed Mass in Riparian Plant Communities Dominated by Filtering and Random Processes

Abstract

Restoration of degraded riparian zones is the primary challenge for ensuring the sustainability of watershed ecosystems. An essential aspect of this endeavor is gaining a deep understanding of how riparian plant communities are assembled. The main focus of this study was to investigate how riparian plant communities respond to varying levels of flooding stress along the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China’s Yangtze River. To accomplish this, we calculated the diversity of plant taxonomy, traits and phylogeny, and used a null model to reflect the plant community assembly rules within the riparian zones along the TGR. The riparian zones were divided into four regions based on water regime: the fluctuating backwater area, the permanent backwater area, mainstream and tributaries of the TGR, covering the reservoir area of 1084 km2 with 180 sampling sites surveyed. Our results showed that within the permanent backwater area of the tributaries, the gradient variation in taxonomic and trait diversity of the riparian community was strongly aligned with the varying levels of flooding stress, which suggests that strong environmental selection plays a significant role in this section. Furthermore, through analysis of phylogenetic and trait structures based on the null model, we found that environmental filtering and random processes were the primary mechanisms shaping plant communities in the riparian zones across the entire study area. However, by further examining single traits, we found that seed mass was the sole trait displaying noteworthy divergence in the riparian communities throughout the study area. This finding highlights that seed mass appears as a pivotal divergent trait in the herb succession stage of the riparian communities that is strongly governed by filtering and random processes. In conclusion, we recommend prioritizing seed mass differences in ecological restoration efforts for herb succession in flooding-stressed riparian communities. This approach is crucial for enhancing source utilization, facilitating community assembly, and improving overall recovery outcomes.