Natural Trienoic Acids as Anticancer Agents: First Stereoselective Synthesis, Cell Cycle Analysis, Induction of Apoptosis, Cell Signaling and Mitochondrial Targeting Studies

Abstract

The first Z-stereoselective method was developed for the synthesis of unsaturated acids containing a 1Z,5Z,9Z-triene moiety in 61–64% yields using the new Ti-catalyzed cross-coupling of oxygen-containing and aliphatic 1,2-dienes as the key synthetic step. It was shown for the first time that trienoic acids with non-methylene-interrupted Z-double bonds show moderate cytotoxic activities against tumor cell lines (Jurkat, K562, U937, HL60, HeLa), human embryonic kidney cells (Hek293), normal fibroblasts and human topoisomerase I (hTop1) inhibitory activity in vitro. The synthesized acids efficiently initiate apoptosis of Jurkat tumor cells, with the cell death mechanism being activated by the mitochondrial pathway. A probable mechanism of topoisomerase I inhibition was also hypothesized on the basis of in silico studies resorting to docking. The activation and inhibition of the most versatile intracellular signaling pathways (CREB, JNK, NFkB, p38, ERK1/2, Akt, p70S6K, STAT3 and STAT5 tyrosine kinases) responsible for cell proliferation and for initiation of apoptosis were studied by multiplex assay technology (Luminex xMAP).