Sex and Gender Differences in Kidney Cancer: Clinical and Experimental Evidence

Author:

Peired Anna JulieORCID,Campi RiccardoORCID,Angelotti Maria Lucia,Antonelli Giulia,Conte Carolina,Lazzeri Elena,Becherucci FrancescaORCID,Calistri Linda,Serni Sergio,Romagnani PaolaORCID

Abstract

Sex and gender disparities have been reported for different types of non-reproductive cancers. Males are two times more likely to develop kidney cancer than females and have a higher death rate. These differences can be explained by looking at genetics and genomics, as well as other risk factors such as hypertension and obesity, lifestyle, and female sex hormones. Examination of the hormonal signaling pathways bring further insights into sex-related differences. Sex and gender-based disparities can be observed at the diagnostic, histological and treatment levels, leading to significant outcome difference. This review summarizes the current knowledge about sex and gender-related differences in the clinical presentation of patients with kidney cancer and the possible biological mechanisms that could explain these observations. Underlying sex-based differences may contribute to the development of sex-specific prognostic and diagnostic tools and the improvement of personalized therapies.

Funder

Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) and Fondazione CR Firenze under IG 2018

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Cancer Research,Oncology

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