Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Hemangiosarcoma: A Review Based on a Consensus Organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology, ABROVET

Author:

De Nardi Andrigo Barboza1ORCID,de Oliveira Massoco Salles Gomes Cristina2ORCID,Fonseca-Alves Carlos Eduardo34ORCID,de Paiva Felipe Noleto1,Linhares Laís Calazans Menescal1,Carra Gabriel João Unger1ORCID,dos Santos Horta Rodrigo5ORCID,Ruiz Sueiro Felipe Augusto6ORCID,Jark Paulo Cesar7,Nishiya Adriana Tomoko8,de Carvalho Vasconcellos Carmen Helena9,Ubukata Rodrigo10,Batschinski Karen10,Sobral Renata Afonso11,Fernandes Simone Crestoni12ORCID,Biondi Luiz Roberto13,De Francisco Strefezzi Ricardo14ORCID,Matera Julia Maria15ORCID,Rangel Marcelo Monte Mor16,dos Anjos Denner Santos17ORCID,Brunner Carlos Henrique Maciel3,Laufer-Amorim Renee18,Cadrobbi Karine Germano10,Cirillo Juliana Vieira10,Martins Mauro Caldas19,de Paula Reis Filho Nazilton20,Silva Lessa Diego Fernando21,Portela Roberta22,Scarpa Carneiro Carolina23,Ricci Lucas Sílvia Regina24,Fukumasu Heidge14ORCID,Feliciano Marcus Antônio Rossi14ORCID,Gomes Quitzan Juliany4,Dagli Maria Lucia Zaidan2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil

2. Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil

3. Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Bauru 17048-290, Brazil

4. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil

5. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil

6. Histopathological Diagnosis Department, VETPAT—Animal Pathology & Molecular Biology, Campinas 13073-022, Brazil

7. Onccarevet e Onconnectionvet Clinic, Ribeirao Preto 14026-587, Brazil

8. Naya Specialties, Campo Belo 04608-003, Brazil

9. Surgical and Clinical Oncology, Botafogo Veterinary Hospital, Rio de Janeiro 22281-180, Brazil

10. Clinical and Surgical Oncology, E+ Veterinary Specialties, São Paulo 04078-012, Brazil

11. Clinical, Surgical and Palliative Care Oncology, Onco Cane Veterinary, São Paulo 04084-002, Brazil

12. SEOVET—Specialized Service in Veterinary Oncology, Clinical and Surgical Oncology, São Paulo 05016-000, Brazil

13. Small Animal Internal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos 11045-002, Brazil

14. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil

15. Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil

16. Clinical and Surgical Oncology, Vet Cancer Animal Oncology and Pathology, São Paulo 04523-013, Brazil

17. Eletro-Onkovet Service, Franca 14406-005, Brazil

18. Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil

19. CRV Image—Veterinary Reference Center, Rio de Janeiro 22631-100, Brazil

20. NeoPet Vet Oncology, Londrina 86065-435, Brazil

21. Lessa Cardiology Vet, Ribeirao Preto 14020-180, Brazil

22. MedVet Chicago, Chicago, IL 60618, USA

23. City Hall of São Paulo, Municipal of Health of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo 01223-011, Brazil

24. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil

Abstract

Hemangiosarcoma is a mesenchymal neoplasm originating in the endothelial cells of blood vessels; they can be classified as non-visceral and visceral types. Non-visceral hemangiosarcomas can affect the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscle tissues; visceral hemangiosarcomas can affect the spleen, liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, oral cavity, bones, bladder, uterus, tongue, and retroperitoneum. Among domestic species, dogs are most affected by cutaneous HSA. Cutaneous HSA represents approximately 14% of all HSA diagnosed in this species and less than 5% of dermal tumors, according to North American studies. However, Brazilian epidemiological data demonstrate a higher prevalence, which may represent 27 to 80% of all canine HSAs and 13.9% of all skin neoplasms diagnosed in this species. Cutaneous HSA most commonly affects middle-aged to elderly dogs (between 8 and 15 years old), with no gender predisposition for either the actinic or non-actinic forms. The higher prevalence of cutaneous HSA in some canine breeds is related to lower protection from solar radiation, as low skin pigmentation and hair coverage lead to greater sun exposure. Actinic changes, such as solar dermatosis, are frequent in these patients, confirming the influence of solar radiation on the development of this neoplasm. There are multiple clinical manifestations of hemangiosarcoma in canines. The diagnostic approach and staging classification of cutaneous HSAs are similar between the different subtypes. The definitive diagnosis is obtained through histopathological analysis of incisional or excisional biopsies. Cytology can be used as a presurgical screening test; however, it has little diagnostic utility in cases of HSA because there is a high risk of blood contamination and sample hemodilution. Surgery is generally the treatment of choice for dogs with localized non-visceral HSA without evidence of metastatic disease. Recently, electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as an alternative therapy for the local ablative treatment of different neoplastic types; the use of radiotherapy for the treatment of dogs with cutaneous HSA is uncommon. There is greater consensus in the literature regarding the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy in subcutaneous and muscular HSA; doxorubicin is the most frequently used antineoplastic agent for subcutaneous and muscular subtypes and can be administered alone or in combination with other drugs. Other therapies include antiangiogenic therapy, photodynamic therapy, the association of chemotherapy with the metronomic dose, targeted therapies, and natural products. The benefits of these therapies are presented and discussed. In general, the prognosis of splenic and cardiac HSA is unfavorable. As a challenging neoplasm, studies of new protocols and treatment modalities are necessary to control this aggressive disease.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Cancer Research,Oncology

Reference212 articles.

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