Connexin Hemichannel Activation by S-Nitrosoglutathione Synergizes Strongly with Photodynamic Therapy Potentiating Anti-Tumor Bystander Killing

Author:

Nardin ChiaraORCID,Peres Chiara,Putti SabrinaORCID,Orsini TizianaORCID,Colussi Claudia,Mazzarda Flavia,Raspa MarcelloORCID,Scavizzi FerdinandoORCID,Salvatore Anna Maria,Chiani FrancescoORCID,Tettey-Matey Abraham,Kuang Yuanyuan,Yang Guang,Retamal Mauricio A.ORCID,Mammano FabioORCID

Abstract

In this study, we used B16-F10 cells grown in the dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) preparation that allowed us to gain optical access to the processes triggered by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Partial irradiation of a photosensitized melanoma triggered cell death in non-irradiated tumor cells. Multiphoton intravital microscopy with genetically encoded fluorescence indicators revealed that bystander cell death was mediated by paracrine signaling due to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs). Intercellular calcium (Ca2+) waves propagated from irradiated to bystander cells promoting intracellular Ca2+ transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria and rapid activation of apoptotic pathways. Combination treatment with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an endogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor that biases HCs towards the open state, greatly potentiated anti-tumor bystander killing via enhanced Ca2+ signaling, leading to a significant reduction of post-irradiation tumor mass. Our results demonstrate that HCs can be exploited to dramatically increase cytotoxic bystander effects and reveal a previously unappreciated role for HCs in tumor eradication promoted by PDT.

Funder

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Cancer Research,Oncology

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