Clinical Importance of Grading Tumor Spread through Air Spaces in Early-Stage Small-Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the clinical manifestation and implications according to the grading of tumor spread through air spaces in early-stage small (≤2 cm) pathological stage I non-mucinous lung adenocarcinomas. Medical records of patients with pathological stage I tumors sized ≤2 cm were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. The furthest distance of the spread through air spaces from the tumor margin was measured on a standard-length scale (mm). Enrolled patients were categorized into spread through air spaces (STAS) (−) and STAS (+), and STAS (+) was subdivided according to its furthest distance as follows: STAS (+)-L (<2 mm) and STAS (+)-H (≥2 mm). Risk factors for STAS (+) included papillary predominant subtype (p = 0.027), presence of micropapillary patterns (p < 0.001), and EGFR (p = 0.039). The overall survival of the three groups did not differ significantly (p = 0.565). The recurrence-free survival of STAS (+)-H groups was significantly lower than those of STAS (−) and STAS (+)-L (p < 0.001 and p = 0.039, respectively). A number of alveolar spaces were definite risk factors for STAS (+)-H groups (p < 0.001), and male gender could be one (p = 0.054). In the patient group with small (≤2 cm) pathological stage I lung adenocarcinomas, the presence of STAS ≥ 2 mm was related to significantly lower recurrence-free survival. For identifying definite risk factors for the presence of farther STAS, more precise analysis from a larger study population should be undertaken.