Evaluation of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Children with Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the oral health status and treatment needs of children with congenital and acquired heart disease. Methods: This descriptive study included 301 children aged 5–14 from June 2022 to June 2023. Heart conditions were classified by congenital/acquired status and severity. The children’s sociodemographic characteristics, medical and dental history, tooth brushing habits, and non-nutritional habits (bruxism, nail-biting, thumb-sucking, etc.) were evaluated. Oral health assessments including caries, oral hygiene, enamel defects, and dental treatment needs-related indices were recorded. Results: The mean age was 8.95 ± 2.91 years, and 271 (90%) of the children had congenital heart disease. The children with moderate and severe heart disease had significantly higher decayed/missing/filled surfaces (dmfs) (p = 0.038) and pulp exposure (p = 0.015) compared to the children with mild heart disease. According to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II) index, which included initial caries lesions, there were no caries-free children and 75.7% had extensive caries. The mean plaque index and gingival index were found to be 1.18 ± 0.38 and 0.69 ± 0.53, respectively. Enamel defects were observed in 15.9%. The Treatment Needs Index (TNI) was 85.8% for the primary teeth and 88.9% for the permanent teeth. The Care Index (CI) was 12.4% for the primary teeth and 10.8% for the permanent teeth. Conclusions: Children with congenital and acquired heart disease exhibit a high prevalence of untreated dental caries, gingivitis, and plaque accumulation, with a high need for dental treatments. Dentists should prioritize addressing these issues to prevent the risk of infective endocarditis (IE) and improve oral health outcomes in this population.