Crohn’s Disease: Radiological Answers to Clinical Questions and Review of the Literature

Abstract

Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory condition, involving primarily the bowel, characterized by a typical remitting–relapsing pattern. Despite endoscopy representing the reference standard for the diagnosis and assessment of disease activity, radiological imaging has a key role, providing information about mural and extra-visceral involvement. Methods: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging are the most frequently used radiological techniques in clinical practice for both the diagnosis and staging of CD involving the small bowel in non-urgent settings. The contribution of imaging in the management of CD is reported on by answering the following practical questions: (1) What is the best technique for the assessment of small bowel CD? (2) Is imaging a good option to assess colonic disease? (3) Which disease pattern is present: inflammatory, fibrotic or fistulizing? (4) Is it possible to identify the presence of strictures and to discriminate inflammatory from fibrotic ones? (5) How does imaging help in defining disease extension and localization? (6) Can imaging assess disease activity? (7) Is it possible to evaluate post-operative recurrence? Results: Imaging is suitable for assessing disease activity, extension and characterizing disease patterns. CT and MRI can both answer the abovementioned questions, but MRI has a greater sensitivity and specificity for assessing disease activity and does not use ionizing radiation. Conclusions: Radiologists are essential healthcare professionals to be involved in multidisciplinary teams for the management of CD patients to obtain the necessary answers for clinically relevant questions.