Higher Intensity of Salt Stress Accompanied by Heat Inhibits Stomatal Conductance and Induces ROS Accumulation in Tomato Plants

Abstract

Under natural conditions, abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and development tend to occur simultaneously, rather than individually. Due to global warming and climate change, the frequency and intensity of heat and salt stresses are becoming more frequent. Our aim is to determine the response mechanisms of tomato to different intensities of combined heat and salt stresses. The physiological and morphological responses and photosynthesis/reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes of tomato plants were compared under a control, heat stress, salt stress (50/100/200/400 mM NaCl), and a combination of salt and heat stresses. The stomatal conductance (gs) of tomato leaves significantly increased at a heat + 50 mM NaCl treatment on day 4, but significantly decreased at heat + 100/200/400 mM NaCl treatments, compared with the control on days 4 and 8. The O2·− production rate of tomato plants was significantly higher at heat + 100/200/400 mM NaCl than the control, which showed no significant difference between heat + 50 mM NaCl treatment and the control on days 4 and 8. Ascorbate peroxidase 2 was significantly upregulated by heat + 100/200/400 mM NaCl treatment as compared with heat + 50 mM NaCl treatment on days 4 and 8. This study demonstrated that the dominant effect ratio of combined heat and salt stress on tomato plants can shift from heat to salt, when the intensity of salt stress increased from 50 mM to 100 mM or above. This study provides important information for tomato tolerance improvement at combined heat and salt stresses.