Identification of Oxidative-Stress-Reducing Plant Extracts from a Novel Extract Library—Comparative Analysis of Cell-Free and Cell-Based In Vitro Assays to Quantitate Antioxidant Activity

Author:

Heckmann Mara1ORCID,Stadlbauer Verena12ORCID,Drotarova Ivana1ORCID,Gramatte Theresa12,Feichtinger Michaela1,Arnaut Verena1,Atzmüller Stefanie1,Schwarzinger Bettina12,Röhrl Clemens1,Blank-Landeshammer Bernhard12,Weghuber Julian12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria

2. FFoQSI GmbH–Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria

Abstract

Numerous underexplored plant species are believed to possess considerable potential in combating oxidative stress and its associated health impacts, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive methodological screening approach to assess their antioxidant capacity. This study investigated 375 plant extracts, utilizing both cell-free and cellular methods to evaluate their antioxidant properties. Target-based antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Cell-based assays employed the H2DCF-DA probe to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the Griess assay to quantify nitric oxide (NO) levels in stressed Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells, respectively. The highest TPC and FRAP values were found in extracts of Origanum vulgare and Fragaria × ananassa leaves. Several plant extracts significantly reduced stress-induced ROS or NO levels by at least 30%. Distinctive selectivity was noted in certain extracts, favoring the significant reduction of NO (e.g., Helianthus tuberosus extract), of ROS (e.g., Prunus domestica subsp. Syriaca extract), or of both (e.g., Fragaria × ananassa leaf extract). A strong correlation between TPC and FRAP values and moderate correlations between the results of the cell-free and cell-based assays were evident. These findings highlight the great antioxidant potential of underexplored plant extracts and the diversity of the underlying mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of a multifaceted approach for a comprehensive assessment.

Funder

Josef Ressel Center for Phytogenic Drug Research

Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation

Austrian Federal Ministries

Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG

European Regional Development Fund

Publisher

MDPI AG

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